The £200m project, led by Harbour Energy and backed by BP, will see a 55km underground pipeline built from Immingham to the old Theddlethorpe Gas Terminal.
From there, captured CO₂ will be piped offshore to the Viking gas fields in the North Sea for permanent storage.
This project forms part of a wider CCS scheme expected to unlock £7bn of investment across the Humber region by 2035, with 10,000 jobs during construction and £4bn in economic value forecast by the end of the decade.
Planning consent follows a six-month examination by the Planning Inspectorate, with local people, councils and consultees all having their say.
The Viking fields are expected to store up to 300m tonnes of CO₂, with the system handling up to 10m tonnes a year by 2030.